What Would the High School Guidance Counselor Say?

I quoted a bit last night from The Travels of Marco Polo on how the Great Khan chose ladies for his harem. I might well have added a word or two about the situation of the ladies, or girls, or, at any rate, of their families:

It may be asked whether the people of the province do not feel themselves aggrieved in having their daughter thus forcibly taken from them by the sovereign? Certainly not; but, on the contrary, they regard it as a favour and an honour done to them; and those who are the fathers of handsome children feel highly gratified by his condescending to make choice of their daughter. "If," say they, "my daughter is born under an auspicious planet and to good fortune, his majesty can best fulfill her destinies, by matching her so nobly; which it would not be in my power to do." If, on the other hand, the daughter misconducts herself, or any mischance befalls her, by which she becomes disqualified, the father attributes the disappointment to the evil influence of the stars.

--Marco Polo, Travels (link)

Apprentice: The Early Episodes

Marco Polo gives an account of how Khubilai Khan restocks his harem:

[Khubilai, "the great Khan"] has many concubines provided for his use, from a province of Tartary named Ungut, the inhabitants of which are distinguished for beauty of features and fairness of complexion. Every second year, or oftener, as it may happen to be his pleasure, the Great Khan sends thither his officers, who collect for him, one hundred, or more, of the handsomest of the young women, according to the estimation of beauty communicated to them in their instructions.

The mode of their appreciation is as follows. Upon the arrival of these commissioners, they give orders for assembling all the young women of the province, and appoint qualified persons to examine them, who, upon careful inspection of each of them separately, that is to say, of the hair, the countenance, the eyebrows, the mouth, the lips, and other features, as well as the symmetry of these with each other, estimates their value at sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, or twenty, or more carats, according to the greater or less degree of beauty. The number required by the Great Khan, at the rates, perhaps, of twenty or twenty-one carats, to which their commission was limited, is then selected from the rest, and they are conveyed to his court.

Upon their arrival in his presence, he causes a new examination to be made by a different set of inspectors, and from amongst them a further selection takes place, when thirty or forty are retained for his own chamber at a higher valuation. These are committed separately to the care of certain elderly ladies of the palace, whose duty it is to observe them attentively during the course of the night in order to ascertain that they have not any concealed imperfections, that they sleep tranquilly, do not snore, have sweet breath, and tare free from unpleasant scent in any part of the body. Having undergone this rigorous scrutiny, they are divided into parties of five, and each taking turn for three days and three nights, in his majesty's interior apartment, where they are to perform every service that is required of them, and he does with them as he likes. ...

Source: Marco Polo, Travels, in a modern edition based on the 1818 translation by Edward W. Marsden. This is, or was, the translation used by Everyman's Library and is thus perhaps the one most widely dispersed among English readers. I'm using a moderately spruced up 20th Century version edited with an introduction by one Manuel Komroff, first published by Liveright in 1926 The quoted passage is from pp 125-6 of a 1982 paperback version. Here's a genial review of a more recent reprint.

Did Marco Polo ever actually go to China? The skeptical case is set forth here. Smarter and better informed people than I have no doubt that he did, but I join the skeptics. He didn't attempt to publish until years after the event, at a time when he needed the money (inter alia, he was in jail). He seems to pay a lot of attention to some things while simply ignoring seemingly important items just next door. My guess is that he went part way, and assembled a lot of traveler's tales.

One More on Trees

One more on trees (cf. link). Ah, yes, here it is. I thought it was Sir John Mandeville, but no:

Near the City of Ormuz … In summer they by reason of the heat betake themselves to their garden houses built on walls. And from nine till noon there blowes a winde with such extreme heat from the sand, that it swallowes up a man’s breath and stifleth him, which makes them lie in the water.

There is a great Plaine in which a great tree growth, called the Tree of the Sun, which the Christians call the Dry Tree. This tree is very great and thicke, and hath leaves, which on the one side are white, and on the other side greene. It produces prickles shales like those of a Chesnut, but nothing in them. The wood is solide and strong, yellow like a Boxe. There is no tree within on hundred miles, except on one side, on which are trees within ten miles. In this place, the inhabitants say Alexander the Great fought Darius. ... .

--Marco Polo, Purchases’ Pilgrimes (1625 edition)